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{"id":998,"date":"2023-07-16T20:51:49","date_gmt":"2023-07-16T18:51:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/?page_id=998"},"modified":"2023-07-17T11:39:00","modified_gmt":"2023-07-17T09:39:00","slug":"la-difficile-cohabitation-entre-villes-et-littoraux","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/en\/la-difficile-cohabitation-entre-villes-et-littoraux\/","title":{"rendered":"La difficile cohabitation entre villes et littoraux"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"998\" class=\"elementor elementor-998\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed11ed9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed11ed9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6734abc\" data-id=\"6734abc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5e7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e5e7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1000\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-carlos-oliva-3586966-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62ab016 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62ab016\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e44774b\" data-id=\"e44774b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f89ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57f89ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Introduction\u00a0: Diagnostic d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne silencieux<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">En regardant n\u2019importe quelle carte du monde, on se rend vite compte de la forte concentration des villes autour des points d\u2019eau : le long des c\u00f4tes, proches des mers et oc\u00e9ans, et \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur des terres, autour des lacs et rivi\u00e8res.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ce positionnement est \u00e9vident vu le fait que l\u2019eau est essentielle \u00e0 toute civilisation\u00a0; et les s\u00e9cheresses que conna\u00eet actuellement notre plan\u00e8te en cons\u00e9quence du changement climatique nous laissent penser que cette ressource viendra \u00e0 manquer dans les d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 venir.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Alors ce n\u2019est pas faux. Mais il ne faut pas oublier une autre cons\u00e9quence, tant\u00f4t spectaculaire, tant\u00f4t silencieuse, de la hausse des temp\u00e9ratures sur notre plan\u00e8te\u00a0: la mont\u00e9e des eaux. Tant\u00f4t spectaculaire, comme Manon l\u2019a soulign\u00e9 avec son article sur nos habitats face aux catastrophes naturelles de plus en plus fr\u00e9quentes, et tant\u00f4t silencieuse, comme le montrera cet article.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">En effet, la mont\u00e9e des eaux g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e sur notre plan\u00e8te n\u2019est pas quelque chose que l\u2019on peut observer du jour au lendemain, comme une soudaine temp\u00eate. Il s\u2019agit plut\u00f4t d\u2019une mont\u00e9e progressive du niveau des oc\u00e9ans (et par cons\u00e9quent toutes les rivi\u00e8res et fleuves qui y sont reli\u00e9s), qui se fait plut\u00f4t \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle d\u2019un voire plusieurs si\u00e8cles. D\u2019apr\u00e8s la NASA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[1]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, on parle \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle globale d\u2019une \u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau des mers d\u2019environ 3 millim\u00e8tres par an en moyenne dans le monde sur les 30 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es (et avant cela, le GIEC mentionne que le si\u00e8cle pass\u00e9 on \u00e9tait \u00e0 1 ou 2 mm par an<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">).<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mais cela ne va que s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer\u00a0: le dernier rapport du GIEC sur le sujet mentionne qu\u2019on va conna\u00eetre une augmentation de 4 \u00e0 9 mm, voire jusqu\u2019\u00e0 10 \u00e0 20 mm d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation par an selon les sc\u00e9narios<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Ce qui fait qu\u2019en ce moment on a connu environ 23 centim\u00e8tres d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer en moyenne depuis 1880<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Et que, toujours d\u2019apr\u00e8s le GIEC, on pourrait se retrouver avec une \u00e9l\u00e9vation de 1 \u00e0 2m du niveau des oc\u00e9ans d\u2019ici 2100\u00a0! Sans parler du fait que c\u2019est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui pourrait continuer \u00e0 s\u2019accentuer sur les si\u00e8cles suivants.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Alors cela ne para\u00eet pas beaucoup. Mais il ne faut pas se leurrer\u00a0: c\u2019est une \u00e9l\u00e9vation moyenne du niveau du niveau des eaux au niveau global, et non pas une \u00e9l\u00e9vation de la rivi\u00e8re derri\u00e8re votre jardin. Car contrairement aux id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues, le niveau des oc\u00e9ans n\u2019est pas le m\u00eame partout dans le monde, vu que notre plan\u00e8te n\u2019est pas une sph\u00e8re parfaite et que sa gravit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas exactement la m\u00eame partout sur le globe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[4]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">La principale cause de cette \u00e9l\u00e9vation des oc\u00e9ans\u00a0? Le changement climatique, bien \u00e9videmment. Et non, ce n\u2019est pas \u00e0 cause de la fonte de la banquise en Arctique. Plut\u00f4t, c\u2019est \u00e0 cause de la fonte des immenses calottes polaires et des glaciers, comme celles du Groenland et de l\u2019Antarctique, que le niveau de nos oc\u00e9ans augmente. En effet, il s\u2019agit d\u2019eau douce qui, avec la mont\u00e9e des temp\u00e9ratures, fond et se d\u00e9verse dans les mers. Cette eau douce vient donc s\u2019ajouter dans l\u2019eau de nos oc\u00e9ans, contrairement \u00e0 l\u2019Arctique qui lui-m\u00eame est d\u00e9j\u00e0 un oc\u00e9an, et est juste en partie gel\u00e9. Vient s\u2019ajouter \u00e0 cela un deuxi\u00e8me ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, moins connu\u00a0: la dilatation thermique. Comme un ballon de baudruche qui gonfle lorsque l\u2019on r\u00e9chauffe l\u2019air dedans, les oc\u00e9ans se r\u00e9chauffent et voient leur volume augmenter. Et ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne contribue de moiti\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation des oc\u00e9ans<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[5]<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">!<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Villes en danger\u00a0? Zoom sur les Pays-Bas.\u00a0<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mais revenons-en \u00e0 nos villes. Comme elles sont majoritairement situ\u00e9es soit sur les c\u00f4tes, soit aux abords de fleuves ou de rivi\u00e8res, elles seront directement affect\u00e9es par cette \u00e9l\u00e9vation progressive du niveau des mers qui ne fera que s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer au cours de ce si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Alors comment faire\u00a0? Pas de panique, des solutions existent. Pour explorer ces solutions, faisons un tour aux Pays-Bas. C\u2019est un pays dont les villes sont historiquement construites en grande partie sous le niveau de la mer, et qui en sus, est l\u2019un des pays les plus dens\u00e9ment peupl\u00e9s au monde. Comment cela est-il possible\u00a0? Cela passe par d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieux proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de ma\u00eetrise des eaux<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Le premier, commenc\u00e9 d\u00e8s le Moyen-\u00c2ge, est l\u2019installation de digues de mani\u00e8re organis\u00e9e, les habitants de la r\u00e9gion (les Frisons) connaissant d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque une mont\u00e9e des eaux, non-caus\u00e9e par des activit\u00e9s humaines dans ce cas-ci. Mais bien qu\u2019on utilise encore cette technique aujourd\u2019hui, pour les Frisons, cela n\u2019avait pas suffi.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Est alors pens\u00e9e une autre innovation majeure : les polders. D\u00e8s le XIII<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">\u00e8me<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> si\u00e8cle, on commence \u00e0 drainer chaque ann\u00e9e des centaines d\u2019hectares d\u2019eau de mer en \u00e9vacuant celle-ci vers des zones o\u00f9 l\u2019eau est ass\u00e9ch\u00e9e. On obtient alors de vastes \u00e9tendues gagn\u00e9es artificiellement sur la terre, en endiguant les surfaces \u00e0 ass\u00e9cher. L\u2019eau est d\u2019abord pomp\u00e9e par la mar\u00e9e, puis plus tard, artificiellement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation des moulins \u00e0 vent au XVII<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">\u00e8me<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> si\u00e8cle. Les exc\u00e8s d\u2019eau arrivant dans le polder sont \u00e9limin\u00e9s en continu par ces m\u00eames syst\u00e8mes de pompes.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Aujourd\u2019hui, une grande partie des c\u00f4tes des Pays-Bas est toujours \u00ab\u00a0pold\u00e9ris\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, et les moulins \u00e0 vent ont laiss\u00e9 place \u00e0 des pompes \u00e9lectriques. Ainsi en moins de 500 ans, de la fin du Moyen-Age \u00e0 la fin du XVII<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">\u00e8me <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">si\u00e8cle, on a pu conqu\u00e9rir pas moins de 190 000 hectares sur la mer, soit 4% de la superficie actuelle du pays<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Cependant, ce syst\u00e8me va \u00eatre mis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve. Car en 1953, c\u2019est le drame\u00a0: une forte temp\u00eate fait c\u00e9der les digues \u00e0 divers endroits, provoquant des inondations catastrophiques, avec un bilan de 1 800 morts et 200 000 hectares sous l\u2019eau. On r\u00e9pond alors \u00e0 cette menace en construisant de nouvelles digues, toujours plus hautes et plus r\u00e9sistantes, qui viennent s\u2019ajouter aux anciennes digues, en optant pour une combinaison de sable et de rehaussements en herbe. Mais cette guerre contre la mer provoqua en cons\u00e9quence un enfoncement des terrains, ce qui \u00e0 terme ne fait qu\u2019empirer le probl\u00e8me<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[7]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">C\u2019est l\u00e0 que les choses deviennent int\u00e9ressantes. Car en voulant tout mettre sous digues et fermer l\u2019estuaire des c\u00f4tes n\u00e9erlandaises, on a cr\u00e9\u00e9 d\u2019autres probl\u00e8mes\u00a0: une stagnation et une pollution des eaux par les usines. C\u2019est ainsi que dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, un important facteur environnemental a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre pris en compte, et on ne pouvait plus boucler la derni\u00e8re digue. Il a fallu innover pour cr\u00e9er un type de barrage amovible qui puisse prot\u00e9ger les c\u00f4tes tout en conservant le va-et-vient des mar\u00e9es. On passe alors de techniques de lutte contre les eaux \u00e0 une technique du \u00ab\u00a0vivre avec\u00a0\u00bb l\u2019eau.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">C\u2019est ce type d\u2019approche radicale, remettant en question les pratiques mises en place pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, qui caract\u00e9rise les Pays-Bas. Au lieu de renforcer les digues, on se mit alors \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger le littoral en transportant naturellement des s\u00e9diments avec le courant de d\u00e9rive littorale. C\u2019est alors qu\u2019est n\u00e9 en 2008 un projet utilisant ce courant\u00a0: le Zandmotor, ou \u00ab\u00a0Moteur \u00e0 sable\u00a0\u00bb. Ce projet a permis d\u2019\u00e9viter l\u2019\u00e9rosion des dunes prot\u00e9geant le pays non plus de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s localis\u00e9e, mais \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle inter-r\u00e9gionale, en d\u00e9posant tout simplement une bande de sable en amont des courants qui vont ensuite l\u2019\u00e9tendre sur toute la c\u00f4te, en laissant faire la nature\u00a0: plus besoin de co\u00fbteuses op\u00e9rations de dragage qui, en plus, d\u00e9gradent les fonds marins. Une prouesse montrant qu\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, technique et nature peuvent travailler main dans la main pour prot\u00e9ger des villes enti\u00e8res\u00a0!<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Face \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des eaux, on peut suivre l\u2019exemple des Pays-Bas qui, comme Manon l\u2019a d\u00e9crit dans son article, est \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent un pays r\u00e9silient face \u00e0 cette menace. Ainsi on met en place une \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9pold\u00e9risation\u00a0\u00bb, transformant les champs en mar\u00e9cages, ces derniers ayant de remarquables propri\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019absorption des eaux.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Une derni\u00e8re option, plus cr\u00e9ative, est \u00e9galement imagin\u00e9e par certaines entreprises n\u00e9erlandaises\u00a0: des villes, ou plus modestement des quartiers flottants. Mais cela reste r\u00e9aliste compar\u00e9 aux id\u00e9es de science-fiction dont nous avions parl\u00e9 auparavant et dont nous avions dout\u00e9 de la faisabilit\u00e9 ou de l\u2019\u00e9thique. Pour r\u00e9sumer, ces villes flottantes s\u2019inscrivent parfaitement dans la logique d\u2019utiliser la technologie non pas contre, mais avec la nature. Il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 certains de ces quartiers qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits (notamment \u00e0 Amsterdam), et qui permettront \u00e0 terme d\u2019assouplir les exigences de d\u00e9bordement des digues tout en r\u00e9solvant le probl\u00e8me de surpopulation des villes sur la terre ferme.<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Conclusion\u00a0: vers une cohabitation entre villes et nature<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Face \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des eaux, pas besoin de revenir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de pierre\u00a0: on peut toujours trouver des moyens de \u00ab\u00a0vivre avec\u00a0\u00bb, sans avoir besoin de \u00ab\u00a0lutter contre\u00a0\u00bb. Car c\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le pi\u00e8ge dans lequel il ne faut pas tomber\u00a0: si l\u2019on continue de toujours lutter contre la nature, on perd en r\u00e9silience, on ne peut pas s\u2019adapter \u00e0 ses caprices, et la nature finit par gagner. Il faut donc utiliser notre technologie \u00e0 bon escient sans avoir besoin de remettre en cause l\u2019existence-m\u00eame de notre civilisation et des villes.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Mais il faudra avoir les moyens et la volont\u00e9 de faire ce genre de protections\u00a0; d\u2019autres pays comme l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie ont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 baisser les bras et carr\u00e9ment d\u00e9placer leur capitale enti\u00e8re. Jakarta, la capitale actuelle, est en train de rapidement s\u2019enfoncer dans le sol, au rythme de 6 cm par an\u00a0! Si rien n\u2019est fait, un quart de sa superficie finira sous les eaux d\u2019ici 2050. Et ce, alors que les scientifiques expliquent bien qu\u2019il est possible de sauver la ville de l\u2019immersion, en \u00ab\u00a0contr\u00f4lant l&rsquo;affaissement du terrain en ma\u00eetrisant l&rsquo;exploitation des eaux souterraines\u00a0\u00bb, sans renforcer les digues qui empirent le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019enfoncement<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[8]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Une autre solution, plus radicale, serait de \u00ab d\u00e9simperm\u00e9abiliser \u00bb les villes, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire de remplacer les rev\u00eatements imperm\u00e9ables (goudron, etc.) par des rev\u00eatements laissant l\u2019eau s\u2019infiltrer, \u00e9vitant ainsi que l\u2019eau ne d\u00e9borde et n\u2019inonde davantage avec la mont\u00e9e des eaux.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, il n\u2019y a pas une solution miracle \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des eaux qui menacent nos villes, mais l\u2019exemple des Pays-Bas nous montre qu\u2019il existe bien une multitude d\u2019options qui pourraient nous sauver, si bien entendu, nous agissons en pr\u00e9vention et non en r\u00e9action, avec anticipation. Car nous ne sommes pas compl\u00e8tement d\u00e9munis\u00a0: en voyant la nature comme partie int\u00e9grante de nos villes et non comme un syst\u00e8me \u00e0 part, il est possible de faire cohabiter ces deux milieux en symbiose, et ainsi nous \u00e9pargner de la catastrophe.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82aae18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82aae18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-17ab41ee-7fff-7eac-7b9b-4e8f28890a33\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; white-space-collapse: preserve;\">\u00c9lie Goubault De Bruy\u00e8re<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-358acd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"358acd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-699ccc6\" data-id=\"699ccc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e7d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42e7d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-363a7f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"363a7f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[1] NASA Global Climate. (s. d.). Sea Level | NASA Global Climate Change. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Consult\u00e9 7 mai 2023, \u00e0 l\u2019adresse <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/vital-signs\/sea-level\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/vital-signs\/sea-level<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate\u202f: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1re \u00e9d.). Cambridge University Press. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157964\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157964<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[3] Climate.gov. (s. d.). Climate Change\u202f: Global Sea Level | NOAA Climate.gov. Consult\u00e9 7 mai 2023, \u00e0 l\u2019adresse <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-global-sea-level\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">http:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-global-sea-level<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[4] NASA. (s. d.). Are sea levels rising the same all over the world, as if we\u2019re filling a giant bathtub? NASA Sea Level Change Portal. Consult\u00e9 7 mai 2023, \u00e0 l\u2019adresse <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/sealevel.nasa.gov\/faq\/9\/are-sea-levels-rising-the-same-all-over-the-world-as-if-were-filling-a-giant-bathtub\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/sealevel.nasa.gov\/faq\/9\/are-sea-levels-rising-the-same-all-over-the-world-as-if-were-filling-a-giant-bathtub<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[5] Weeman, K., &amp; Lynch, P. (s. d.). New study finds sea level rise accelerating. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Consult\u00e9 7 mai 2023, \u00e0 l\u2019adresse <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/2680\/new-study-finds-sea-level-rise-accelerating\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/2680\/new-study-finds-sea-level-rise-accelerating<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[6] Gueben-Veni\u00e8re, S. (2015, d\u00e9cembre). De l\u2019\u00e9quipement \u00e0 la gestion du littoral, ou comment vivre avec les al\u00e9as m\u00e9t\u00e9o-marins aux Pays-Bas\u202f? (ISSN\u202f: 2492-7775) [Document]. G\u00e9oconfluences; \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http:\/\/geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr\/informations-scientifiques\/dossiers-thematiques\/risques-et-societes\/articles-scientifiques\/littoral-pays-bas\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">http:\/\/geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr\/informations-scientifiques\/dossiers-thematiques\/risques-et-societes\/articles-scientifiques\/littoral-pays-bas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[7] ParisTech, I.-M. (2018, juillet 25). Face \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des eaux\u202f: Consultons l\u2019expertise n\u00e9erlandaise. Blog de l\u2019ISIGE &#8211; MINES Paris. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/blog-isige.minesparis.psl.eu\/2018\/07\/25\/face-a-la-montee-des-eaux-consultons-lexpertise-neerlandaise\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/blog-isige.minesparis.psl.eu\/2018\/07\/25\/face-a-la-montee-des-eaux-consultons-lexpertise-neerlandaise\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[8] Pourquoi l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie veut-elle relocaliser sa capitale dans les for\u00eats de Born\u00e9o\u202f? (2023, janvier 6). Geo.fr. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geo.fr\/environnement\/pourquoi-lindonesie-veut-elle-relocaliser-sa-capitale-dans-les-forets-de-borneo-213145\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/www.geo.fr\/environnement\/pourquoi-lindonesie-veut-elle-relocaliser-sa-capitale-dans-les-forets-de-borneo-213145<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a290201 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a290201\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96627bb\" data-id=\"96627bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90faa14 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"90faa14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xl\" href=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/2023\/07\/13\/les-defis-du-dereglement-climatique\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-compass\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Retour \u00e0 la carte <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction\u00a0: Diagnostic d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne silencieux En regardant n\u2019importe quelle carte du monde, on se rend vite compte de la forte concentration des villes autour des points d\u2019eau : le long des c\u00f4tes, proches des mers et oc\u00e9ans, et \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur des terres, autour des lacs et rivi\u00e8res. Ce positionnement est \u00e9vident vu le fait que [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"full-screen","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-998","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La difficile cohabitation entre villes et littoraux - Association MIND<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/en\/la-difficile-cohabitation-entre-villes-et-littoraux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La difficile cohabitation entre villes et littoraux - Association MIND\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction\u00a0: Diagnostic d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne silencieux En regardant n\u2019importe quelle carte du monde, on se rend vite compte de la forte concentration des villes autour des points d\u2019eau : le long des c\u00f4tes, proches des mers et oc\u00e9ans, et \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur des terres, autour des lacs et rivi\u00e8res. 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