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{"id":1052,"date":"2023-07-16T21:38:40","date_gmt":"2023-07-16T19:38:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/?page_id=1052"},"modified":"2023-07-17T11:50:50","modified_gmt":"2023-07-17T09:50:50","slug":"propriete-ou-communs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/en\/propriete-ou-communs\/","title":{"rendered":"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou communs ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1052\" class=\"elementor elementor-1052\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c04840 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c04840\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07b48b\" data-id=\"e07b48b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34df5a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"34df5a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pexels-jopwell-1325746.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1054\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f7e65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56f7e65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: center; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Quelle est la place de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et des communs dans la protection de l\u2019environnement ?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201cCe qui est commun au plus grand nombre fait l\u2019objet des soins les moins attentifs. L\u2019Homme prend le plus grand soin de ce qui lui est propre, il a tendance \u00e0 n\u00e9gliger ce qui est commun.\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Aristote, Politique, Livre II<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Deux notions mais un seul int\u00e9r\u00eat ?<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201c&#8230; nous rendre comme ma\u00eetres et possesseurs de la nature\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> ces mots \u00e9nonc\u00e9s par Ren\u00e9 Descartes dans le discours de la m\u00e9thode en 1637 et aujourd\u2019hui souvent d\u00e9tach\u00e9s du contexte dans lequel ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9s, permettent de rendre compte de la relation que l\u2019Homme entretient avec l\u2019environnement. En s&rsquo;affirmant de la sorte, l\u2019Homme s\u2019est rendu responsable de l\u2019effacement progessif de l\u2019environnement dit naturel, il s\u2019est rendu coupable de la d\u00e9gradation des ressources<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[1]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Les hommes se sont appropri\u00e9s au cours de l&rsquo;histoire les terres sur lesquelles ils vivaient, ils travaillaient, ils r\u00e9coltaient\u2026 C\u2019est le droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9, le droit r\u00e9el le plus absolu qui a alors vu le jour<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Aujourd&rsquo;hui pr\u00e9sente dans le code civil, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est d\u00e9finie comme <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201cle droit de jouir et de disposer des choses de la mani\u00e8re la plus absolue, pourvu qu\u2019on en fasse pas un usage prohib\u00e9 par les lois ou par les r\u00e8glements.\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Code civil, article 544.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">La propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est finalement la r\u00e9union de trois crit\u00e8res essentiels: l\u2019abusus (disposer), l&rsquo;usus (utiliser) et le fructus (jouir), ce qui permet \u00e0 son propri\u00e9taire de jouir de toutes les utilit\u00e9s de la chose qu\u2019il a en sa possession<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. L\u2019appropriation permet d\u2019user du bien de mani\u00e8re souveraine \u00e0 l\u2019exclusion des autres et de leurs pr\u00e9tentions. En cons\u00e9quence, le propri\u00e9taire d\u00e9tient le pouvoir de disposer de cette derni\u00e8re comme il l\u2019entend, il a en sa possession le pouvoir d\u2019ali\u00e9ner, de d\u00e9naturer ou de d\u00e9truire sa chose.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">A l&rsquo;origine, toutes les limitations tendant \u00e0 contrecarrer le droit de disposer, de jouir et d\u2019utiliser devaient \u00eatre incroyablement r\u00e9duite voir interdite, mais l\u2019urgence climatique vient mettre en doute cela.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">L\u2019urgence de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 environnementale prend de l\u2019importance dans les d\u00e9bats publics et politiques. Ainsi, reconnue a\u0300 la fois comme d\u2019inte\u0301re\u0302t ge\u0301ne\u0301ral et ayant e\u0301galement acquis valeur constitutionnelle, la protection de l\u2019environnement se pose a\u0300 son tour, comme une importante limite au droit de proprie\u0301te\u0301<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[4]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">La propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat individuel. D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 les enjeux de la protection de l\u2019environnement touche les hommes en tant que collectivit\u00e9, il est question d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. L\u2019individualit\u00e9 de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et la collectivit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;environnement en font deux notions oppos\u00e9es. Mais cette opposition est-elle justifi\u00e9e ? Des points de rapprochements peuvent exister m\u00eame si elles semblent contradictoires.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Les communs, un droit de \u201ctrop\u201d ?<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Dans le cas d\u2019une gestion collective des ressources naturelles, s\u2019il\u00a0 existe un droit d\u2019usage, il s\u2019agit alors d\u2019un droit pour tous. Garrett HARDIN dans \u00ab The Tragedy of the Commons \u00bb<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[5]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> d\u00e9peint le libre acc\u00e8s comme la cause de la surexploitation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00ab Une ressource a\u0300 laquelle tout le monde a librement acce\u0300s est une ressource dont personne n&rsquo;a inte\u0301re\u0302t a\u0300 assurer l&rsquo;entretien ni le renouvellement, puisqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;actions qui, du fait du principe de libre acce\u0300s, ne peuvent pas y avoir de valeur marchande ; donc une ressource condamne\u0301e a\u0300 e\u0302tre surexploite\u0301e et rapidement e\u0301puise\u0301e. \u00bb<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Alors la ve\u0301ritable raison de l&rsquo;e\u0301puisement des mers tient seulement au fait qu\u2019il s&rsquo;agisse d\u2019un \u00ab bien de libre acc\u00e8s \u00bb, une proprie\u0301te\u0301 collective pour s\u2019opposer \u00e0 l\u2019individuelle. L\u2019utilisation d\u2019un tel syste\u0300me n\u2019apporte aucune garantie personnelle. La prudence et la limite volontaire des prises pour ne pas aggraver la surexploitation ne donnent aucune garantie que les autres feront de m\u00eame, et finalement chaque individu risque en fin de compte d\u2019\u00eatre le grand perdant de ce syst\u00e8me. Finalement, chacun en poursuivant son propre inte\u0301re\u0302t participe a\u0300 l&rsquo;e\u0301puisement de la ressource que chacun convoite.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Prenons un autre exemple : l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Traditionnellement qualifi\u00e9e de chose commune, son caract\u00e8re inappropriable se justifiait par son abondance. La pollution de l\u2019air arriv\u00e9e, l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re est alors apparue comme un bien rare et pr\u00e9cieux. A l\u2019instar de celle de l\u2019eau, la consommation de l\u2019air peut d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer sa composition : ce n\u2019est plus le m\u00eame air qui circule lorsqu\u2019il est souill\u00e9 par des rejets.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Dans le fait de polluer et ainsi de salir, il peut y avoir un fait de privatisation de l\u2019air propre consomm\u00e9. N\u2019est-ce pas ce qui ressort techniquement de l\u2019analyse des \u00e9missions de gaz dans l\u2019espace public a\u00e9rien ?\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">La r\u00e9flexion a pris une tournure nouvelle depuis que les Etats ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de remettre la main sur la ressource atmosph\u00e9rique<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Les quotas d\u2019\u00e9mission de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre changent la donne. Les entreprises industrielles doivent d\u00e9sormais d\u00e9tenir un permis sp\u00e9cial pour diffuser dans l\u2019air une quantit\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9e de gaz. De libre, l\u2019usage de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re devient, pour les acteurs les plus polluants, limit\u00e9 et encadr\u00e9. Ici, le droit climatique renverse un des piliers du droit des biens : l\u2019interdiction devient le principe.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">C\u2019est l\u2019institution des \u00ab droits de polluer \u00bb qui a lanc\u00e9 le d\u00e9bat de la privatisation de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Au motif que la loi les qualifie de biens meubles n\u00e9gociables sur le march\u00e9, ces nouveaux objets juridiques t\u00e9moigneraient d\u2019une conversion de biens communs en biens priv\u00e9s.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">M\u00eame si la pollution est le produit du re\u0301gime capitaliste, elle devrait dispara\u00eetre dans une socie\u0301te\u0301 socialiste ou\u0300 la proprie\u0301te\u0301 prive\u0301e et le profit ont e\u0301te\u0301 abolis. Le contraire est pourtant observ\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Si de nos jours l\u2019opinion publique voit le mot propri\u00e9t\u00e9 comme tabou face aux consid\u00e9rations actuelles, notamment environnementales, il faut rappeler qu\u2019il ne peut exister de march\u00e9 sans biens de droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9changer.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Et si la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tait la cl\u00e9 ?<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Il y a quelques anne\u0301es, les experts de la N.A.S.A. furent intrigue\u0301s par une photographie prise par un de leurs satellites. Au milieu de l&rsquo;e\u0301norme tache brune d\u2019un de\u0301sert, on pouvait voir une tache verte. Qu&rsquo;est-ce que cela pouvait bien e\u0302tre ? Une visite sur le terrain apporta la re\u0301ponse : un simple fil de fer barbele\u0301. Il constituait une simple barrie\u0300re, symbole de proprie\u0301te\u0301 qui suffisait a\u0300 faire renai\u0302tre la vie. Tout compte fait, cette photographie laisse \u00e0 penser que la proprie\u0301te\u0301 permettrait une optimisation plus respectueuse du bien ainsi que son entretien afin d\u2019en e\u0301viter la de\u0301gradation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Lorsqu\u2019apparai\u0302t le principe d&rsquo;appropriation exclusive, les choses sont donc tr\u00e8s diffe\u0301rentes. Ne pas assurer l&rsquo;entretien ne\u0301cessaire a\u0300 la conservation de la ressource dont on a la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 entrai\u0302ne un cou\u0302t e\u0301conomique. Il y a une incitation \u00e0 la gestion responsable des ressources naturelles afin de maximiser leur valeur \u00e0 long terme. Il en re\u0301sulte, non pas que toute ressource est ne\u0301cessairement ge\u0301re\u0301e de fac\u0327on optimale, mais que le syste\u0300me de la proprie\u0301te\u0301 cre\u0301e un lien tre\u0300s direct entre la motivation que le proprie\u0301taire a d\u2019assurer l&rsquo;entretien de son patrimoine et les be\u0301ne\u0301fices des efforts de pre\u0301servation de cette ressource.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">La propri\u00e9t\u00e9 peut \u00e9galement fournir une protection contre la surexploitation des ressources naturelles<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[7]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">. Le propri\u00e9taire a le contr\u00f4le de l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 celle-ci. Cela permet de r\u00e9glementer l&rsquo;utilisation de la ressource et de limiter l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des acteurs externes qui n&rsquo;ont pas d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 long terme dans la pr\u00e9servation de ces ressources et pourraient alors l\u2019exploiter de mani\u00e8re excessive.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Contrairement a\u0300 ce qui est ge\u0301ne\u0301ralement affirme\u0301, la solution des proble\u0300mes de de\u0301gradation de l&rsquo;environnement, de surexploitation des ressources naturelles ou de destruction de la vie sauvage, passerait par une extension des proce\u0301dures d&rsquo;appropriation prive\u0301e partout ou\u0300 cela est techniquement possible. Contrairement \u00e0 ce que l\u2019on attendrait, la proprie\u0301te\u0301 serait un allie\u0301 des protecteurs de l\u2019environnement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 14pt; margin-bottom: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">L\u2019Etat, les citoyens, qui doit \u00e9quilibrer la balance\u00a0 ?<\/span><\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">L\u2019exemple sovi\u00e9tique montre que les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques qui ne reconnaissent ni la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e, ni la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;entreprendre, ni l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9, peuvent engendrer des d\u00e9sastres \u00e9cologiques. Il y a donc un r\u00f4le important jou\u00e9 par l\u2019Etat dans l\u2019\u00e9quilibre de la balance entre propri\u00e9t\u00e9 individuelle et protection de l\u2019environnement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Souvent \u00ab pompier pyromane \u00bb<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">[8]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> l&rsquo;\u00c9tat peut \u00eatre la solution, comme le probl\u00e8me. Il ne suffit pas de traduire l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif \u00e9cologique en lois et r\u00e8glements pour que le comportement des hommes et des entreprises suivent car ils chercheront \u00e0 \u00e9viter les co\u00fbts suppl\u00e9mentaires d\u2019une interdiction ou une contrainte r\u00e9glementaire. Face aux probl\u00e8mes environnementaux, tous les citoyens doivent \u00eatre engag\u00e9s dans la protection de l\u2019environnement. Un consortium entre l\u2019Etat et les scientifiques\u00a0 doit faire prendre conscience de ce qu\u2019est la bonne exploitation des ressources naturelles, pour que tous comprennent les objectifs justes et s&rsquo;engagent dans le verdissement de leur consommation et puissent accepter la privatisation de la nature. Il est n\u00e9cessaire pour tous que le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique se fasse dans cette optique et que l\u2019id\u00e9e voulant qu\u2019un r\u00e9gime de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 qui privil\u00e9gie la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e ou la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 commune avec acc\u00e8s ferm\u00e9 ou r\u00e9glement\u00e9 puisse \u00eatre une solution se d\u00e9mocratise.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Finalement, si les propri\u00e9taires sont tenus responsables de l&rsquo;utilisation de leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s, y compris des dommages qu&rsquo;ils peuvent causer \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement, et que la l\u00e9gislation peut les contraindre \u00e0 respecter certaines normes environnementales et \u00e0 prendre des mesures pour r\u00e9duire les impacts de leur activit\u00e9, l&rsquo;environnement n\u2019apparai\u0302t alors qu\u2019en tant que contrainte exte\u0301rieure pour le propri\u00e9taire.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ainsi ajout\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019essence de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9, qui r\u00e9side dans la facult\u00e9 de perdre la ma\u00eetrise de la chose, en la d\u00e9truisant, en l\u2019abandonnant ou en la transf\u00e9rant \u00e0 autrui, le pouvoir de perdre le droit d\u2019en profiter par le non respect des contraintes, fait que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 redevient capable d\u2019apporter sa pierre \u00e0 la lutte contre le changement climatique.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a087737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a087737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight:normal;\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-efac74e7-7fff-6029-f096-07bce204a5ca\"><\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.2;text-align: right;margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Margaux Tardieux<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30ca65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30ca65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb26e18\" data-id=\"bb26e18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d215473 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d215473\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e502f7\" data-id=\"4e502f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf509c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cf509c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259f36f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259f36f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[1] Crozes, A. E. (2018). Les droits r\u00e9els au service de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat environnemental : entre d\u00e9membrements et obligations consenties. Droit et ville. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/dv.086.0183\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/dv.086.0183<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[2] Lepage, H. (1985). Pourquoi la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 (Vol. 287). Paris: Hachette.<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[3] Legal, P. (2012). Droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et ma\u00eetrise des \u00ab sols environnementaux \u00bb . Quelques enseignements tir\u00e9s de la temp\u00eate Xynthia. Norois, 222, 79\u201189. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/norois.4009\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/norois.4009<\/span><\/a><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[4] Charles Escudier, \u00ab Crise climatique et atteintes au droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00bb, 23 Juin 2021<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[5] Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243\u20111248. <\/span><a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243<\/span><\/a><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[6] Grimonprez, B. (2015). La fonction environnementale de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. RTDCiv.: Revue trimestrielle de droit civil, 3, 539-550.<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[7] Gidrol-Mistral, G. (2017). L\u2019environnement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du droit des biens. McGill Law Journal, 62(3), 687-737.<\/span><\/h6><h6 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38; text-align: justify; margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">[8] Facchini, F., &amp; Falque, M. (2022). Droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et protection de l\u2019environnement. Journal des libert\u00e9s<\/span><\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eab271b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eab271b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cce022\" data-id=\"9cce022\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b0b26d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1b0b26d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xl\" href=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/2023\/07\/13\/les-defis-du-dereglement-climatique\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-compass\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Retour \u00e0 la carte <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quelle est la place de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et des communs dans la protection de l\u2019environnement ?\u00a0 \u201cCe qui est commun au plus grand nombre fait l\u2019objet des soins les moins attentifs. L\u2019Homme prend le plus grand soin de ce qui lui est propre, il a tendance \u00e0 n\u00e9gliger ce qui est commun.\u201d Aristote, Politique, Livre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"full-screen","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1052","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou communs ? - Association MIND<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.assomind.fr\/en\/propriete-ou-communs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou communs ? - Association MIND\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Quelle est la place de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et des communs dans la protection de l\u2019environnement ?\u00a0 \u201cCe qui est commun au plus grand nombre fait l\u2019objet des soins les moins attentifs. 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